Wednesday, July 13, 2011

17. Heavy Weight Drill Pipe (HWDP)

HWDP is an intermediate-weight drill string member with drill pipe dimensions for easier handling. Its heavy wall tube is attached to special extra-length tool joints. These provide ample space for recutting the connections and reduce the rate of wear on the OD.
A joint of HWDP has a greater wall thickness and longer tool joints than normal drill pipe. Midway between the tool joints is an integral wear pad which acts as a stabilizer. 

HWDP is less rigid than DCs and has much less wall contact. Chances of differential sticking are reduced. 

Its three-point wall contact feature solves two serious problems in directional drilling :
It permits high-RPM drilling with reduced torque. HWDP can be run through hole angle and direction changes with less connection and fatigue problems.
 
Today, the trend in BHA design is to minimize the number of DCs in the BHA and use HWDP to comprise a major portion of available weight on bit.

Note: Heavy Weight Drill Pipe should not be used as bit weight in vertical holes larger than those listed in the table below.

The BHA in a directional well may have 20 or more joints of HWDP between the drill collars and drill pipe.

Figure below shows the HWDP Dimensional Data Range :
 
 (All dimensions are given in inches)




Spiral Heavy Weight Drill Pipe

Processing of Heavy Weight Drill Pipes :

(click on the image to get high resolution preview of the image)


Heavy Weight Drill Pipe Material :

Tuesday, July 12, 2011

16. DRILL COLLARS


The primary function of the drill collars is to provide sufficient WOB (Weight on bit). The weight of the collars also ensures that the drill pipe is kept in tension to prevent buckling.

Drill collars are heavy, stiff steel tubulars. They are used at the bottom of a BHA to provide weight on bit and rigidity. 

Flush or spiral drill collars are available. 

In directional drilling, spiral drill collars are preferable. The spiral grooves machined in the collar reduce the wall contact area by 40% for a reduction in weight of only 4%, thus reducing the chances of differential sticking.

The Spiral drill collars usually have slip and elevator recesses. Stress-relief groove pins and bore back boxes are optional.


SHORT DRILL COLLARS

Short Drill Collars (SDC's) are also called a pony collar.

It is simply a shortened version of a steel drill collar. 

Short drill collars may be manufactured or a steel drill collar may be cut to make two or more short collars. 

For a Directional Driller, the SDC and the short non-magnetic drill collar (SNMDC) have their widest application in the make-up of locked BHAs. SDCs of various lengths (e.g. 5’, 10’, 15’) are normally provided by the DD company.

NON-MAGNETIC DRILL COLLARS (NMDC)

Non-magnetic drill collars are usually flush (non-spiral). 

They are manufactured from high-quality, corrosion-resistant, austenitic stainless steel. 

Magnetic survey instruments (MWD / Magnetic Single Shots / Multi Shots) run in the hole need to be located in a non-magnetic drill collar of sufficient length to allow the measurement of the earth’s magnetic field without magnetic interference.
 
Survey instruments are isolated from magnetic disturbance caused by steel components in the BHA and drillpipe.

SHORT NON-MAGNETIC DRILL COLLARS (SNMDC) 

SNMDC is a short version of the NMDC.

They are often made by cutting a full-length NMDC.
 
The SNMDC may be used between a mud motor and an MWD collar to counteract magnetic interference from below. 

It is also used in locked BHAs, particularly where the borehole's inclination and direction give rise to high magnetic interference. 

Finally, BHAs for horizontal wells often use a SNMDC. 

The amount of bending a drill collar can undergo will depend on the material and the dimensions of the collar. 

The stiffness of the collar is the product of the collar's moment of inertia (I) and the modulus of elasticity for that material (E).

The moment of inertia (I) for a hollow cylindrical pipe is given by :
I = Π (D4 – d4) / 64
Where :
I = Moment of Inertia (in inch4)
D = Outside diameter (in inches)
d = Inside diameter (in inches) 

The modulus of elasticity for various materials can be obtained from manufacturer's specifications.
E.g. for steel E = 29 X 106 psi; for aluminium E = 11 X 106 psi; for monel E = 26 X 106 psi. 
Thus, an aluminium drill collar will be more flexible than a steel drill collar of similar dimensions.

IMAGES :

Flush Drill Collar

Non-Magnetic Drill Collar

Non-Magnetic Drill Collars


Spiral Drill Collars

Used Spiral Drill Collars
Drill Collar Manufacture Process



 (Click on the image for a high resolution)


Figure below shows the cross sections of the drill collars and the reduced contact area with the wall of the hole.




Spiral Drill Collar Typical Size :

Note: Note: Loss of weight is approximately 4% compared to slick drill collars. Length of spiralled section allows reconditioning of connections.

Drill Collar Material Table : 


Elevator and Slip Recess Specification :
Drill Collar Data - 2-7/8” - 6-1/2” :


Drill Collar Data - 6-3/4” - 11-1/4” :




 BLOG ENDS

15. Rotary Assemblies - Building Assembly, Holding Assembly and Dropping Assembly

Rotary Assemblies, as the name suggests, the assemblies which are driven by rotary table at the surface. Actually these are the bottom hole assemblies (BHA's) designed to drill a well directionally (build or hold or drop) without the use of downhole motors.

The designing of the various rotary assemblies is based on the principle that as we shorten the active length of drill collar, it gives rise to fulcrum effect (which helps in building), when we increase the active length of drill collar it gives pendulum effect (which helps in dropping, condition: optimum WOB) and the combination of the two principle gives rise to holding.

Various Rotary Assemblies have been designed till date by placing stabilizers at various positions in a BHA and observing the result thus produced.

Here I am to going to discuss few such Assemblies which are useful in building, holding and dropping the inclination of a wellbore.

A question arises here is that when we have downhole motors easily available, then whats the need of using such old techniques !
So, I should tell you that the Operator companies proving Direction Drilling Service charges for the their tool on either day rate basis or hourly basis. Since the rental charges for downhole motors along with the survey tools (MWD/ LWD) becomes a costly affair, rotary assemblies are prefered after the well is kicked off or after acheiving a desired trajectory.
Its all upto you to decide whether at a prevailing situation the Rotary Assembly would be more cost effective or a downhole motor !
Figure below shows some of the common rotary assemblies currently being used :

Building, Holding and Dropping Assemblies
Lets kick off our discussion with Building Assembly ..

BUILDING ASSEMBLY

As said above, building assembly works on fulcrum principle.

It is used after the well is kicked off using a deflection tool to eliminate the use of expensive downhole mud motors. 

Here we use a near bit stabilizer which acts as a pivot or fulcrum for the lever. The drill collar portion above the near bit stabilizer to the first point of contact with the lower side of the wellbore acts as lever.

As we apply WOB, the bit is pressed towards the high side of the hole due to fulcrum effect and thus increases the inclination.

Now, here is something interesting : As we increase the WOB, there is bending of drill collar and the first contact point of drill string above the stabilizer with wellbore slides downwards. This results in decrease in lever length or "a decrease in active drill collar length". As I have discussed above, as the active drill collar length reduces, it increases the fulcrum effect and thus we get higher building rate.

Thus, an additional string stabilizer can be used to reduce the length of lever and hence increasing the build rate.

The addition of stabilizers other then the near bit stabilizer (NBS) modifies the build rate to match the required well trajectory.

Assemblies A and B respond well in soft or medium formations.

The inclusion of an undergauge stabilizer in assembly C will build slightly less angle. By bringing the second stabilizer closer to the near-bit stabilizer, the building tendency is increased.

In hard abrasive rocks, the problems of bit wear are significant.

To maintain gauge hole, the near-bit and second stabilizer should be replaced by roller reamers.

The build rate should be kept below 2° per 100 ft to reduce the risk of dog-legs.

The amount of WOB applied to these assemblies will also affect their building characteristics.

Too much WOB will cause rapid build-up of angle.

Typical building assemblies (A,B,C) are shown in the figure above.

NOTE : 30 FEET = 1 SINGLE OF DRILL COLLAR

HOLDING ASSEMBLY OR PACKED ASSEMBLY



The holding or packed assembly uses packed hole stabilization principle to maintain the inclination and direction.
Once the inclination has been built to the required angle, the tangential section of the well is drilled using a holding assembly OR packed assembly. The object here is to reduce the tendency of the BHA to build or drop angle. Actually this is dificcult to acheive, since formation effects and gravity may alter the hole angle.

The packed BHA relies on the principle that two points will contact and follow a sharp curve, while three points will follow a straight line as shown below :

                               Two Point contact          Three Point Contact                                    

To eliminate building and dropping tendencies, stabilizers should be placed at close intervals, using pony collars if necessary.

Assembly D in figure above has been used successfully in soft formations.

The undergauge stabilizer in assembly E builds slightly to counter gravity.

In harder formations the near-bit stabilizer is replaced by a reamer.

Generally only three stabilizers should be used, unless differential sticking is expected.

Changes in WOB  will not affect the directional behaviour of this type of assembly, and so optimum WOB can be applied to achieve maximum penetration rates.

Note : A packed hole assembly with several stabilizers should not be run immediately after a downhole motor run.

DROPPING ASSEMBLY OR PENDULUM ASSEMBLY

As I said earlier, Dropping Assemblies are based on pendulum principle. The pendulum technique is used to drop angle especially on high angle wells where it is usually very easy to drop angle.The pendulum technique relies on the principle that the force of gravity can be used to deflect the hole back to vertical. 

In directional wells, only an S shape profile requires a planned drop in angle. The other application of a dropping assembly is when the inclination has been increased beyond the intended trajectory and must be reduced to bring the well back on course.

It is best to drop angle in a section of softer formation, since the response to a pendulum type assembly in hard rock is very slow.

Figure above gives some typical dropping assemblies (F and G).  These are more effective in high-angled holes. If hole angle does not reduce, the WOB can be reduced, although this will also reduce the penetration rate.

BLOG ENDS

Monday, July 11, 2011

14. Pendulum Effect of Drill Collar Towards Hole Deviation

Here I am going to discuss about the Pendulum Effect, its mechanism and the forces acting, thus causing the drill bit along with active string to tend towards the lower side of wellbore.

Pendulum effect is the effect which tends to bring the drill bit along with the active string to the lower side of hole.
Consider the figure below:

Here,
W1 = Weight of bit along axis of drill collar
W2 = Component of W1 along axis of hole
W3 = Component of W1 along normal to hole axis
W4 = Vertical force of active drill collars assembly
W5 = Component of W4 acting along axis of assembly
W6 = Component normal to W5 but opposite to W3 

The effect of gravity on mass of drill collars above the bit is vertically downward (W4).
A part of this force is transmitted to the bit along the axis of assembly W5.
The complimentary component of this part W6 acts towards perpendicular to the axis of the assembly. It is supported by formation at the wall contact point at the bit. The influence of this lateral force at bit is always to reduce inclination and it's magnitude, automatically increases with inclination. If desired we can enhance the effect by increasing the active drillstring length the natural hole straightening tendency can usually be employed to avoid excessive inclination in vertical holes.


Formation dips also influences the hole deviation. For laminated formation when dips are less than 45 degrees the bit tries to drill perpendicular to bedding plane, and if it is in excess of 45 degrees bit tends to drill parallel to bedding plane. Likewise formation attitudes also have effect on directional tendencies. If proposed direction is due to up dip it follows the natural bit tendencies and drift angle can be readily built If proposed direction is due to up dip, it follows the natural bit tendencies and drift angle can be readily built. If the proposed direction is in left of up dip the bit will try to turn to right and if proposed direction is in right of up dip the bit will deviate to left. 

Bit drilling up dip where formations are dipping at angles less than 45 Degrees

Bit drilling up dip where formations are dipping at angles greater than 60 degrees

13. The Drill Collar Moment Theory

The drill collar moment theory states that when a bit drills from a soft formation to an inclined hard formation, it will support a great portion of bit weight.
This causes a moment at the bit that tends to buckle the collar and deflect them from centre line of the hole. It may also shorten the active assembly length and can reduce any existing pendulum effect. The resultant tendency is up dip.
 
Now, it can be argued that when drilling from harder to softer formation, forces are reversed and constitute a down dip deflection.


Buckling and corresponding deviation forces increase with smaller size collars. greater annular clearance and high weight on bit. As more bit weight is applied, buckling increases.

The length of assembly between bit and first point of drill collar to wall contact, tends to shorten. This section is called active drill string length. Usually not more than 150 ft (45m) of assembly affects it's deviation characteristics and with build up assemblies using high bit weight probably less than 25 ft (7.5 m) is involved.

The active drill string length is usually determined by the position of the first full gauge item in assembly above the bit (reamer or stabilizer). When the distance of bit to first stabilizer or reamer is short (5 to 12 ft), buckling will be induced in next drill collar above. The full gauge tool becomes a fulcrum or pivot point. The shortened effective length increases the angular difference between axis of hole and axis of assembly, and promotes hole deviation.

BLOG ENDS

12. Woods, Lubinski, Hotch and Treicher's Theory on Deviated Holes

HENRY WOODS & ARTHUR LUBINSKI'S THEORY

Henry Woods and Arthur Lubinski stated in 1954 that the size of drill collar just above the bit is the limiting factor for the lateral movement of bit causing hole deviation.
They gave a formula to calculate the Minimum Effective Hole Diameter (MEHD) for lowering the casing. The formula is:

MEHD = (Bit Size + Drill Collar OD) / 2



ROBERT S. HOTCH'S THEORY

Later, Robert S. Hotch came up with a theory that while drilling with an unstabilized bit an abrupt change of hole angle can occur if hard ledges are encountered.
With reference to his theory, he suggested that the minimum permissible drill collar OD should always be greater than twice the casing coupling diameter to be run minus the bit size.

i.e. Minimum Drill Collar OD = 2 x Casing Coupling OD – Bit size

H.E. TRIECHER'S THEORY

At the Same time, H.E. Triecher pointed out that the lateral movement of an unstabilized bit in non dipping formation tends to cut a spiral hole. The spiralling will be more severe in soft formations where penetration rate is high and this will produce a hole of reduced drift diameter.

Sunday, July 10, 2011

11. Drilling Software Free Download

Here are the links of some of the useful softwares and spreadsheets I have collected from various websites which are available for FREE DOWNLOAD . I hope it would be benificial to many.

Please do leave your comments if any.

Schlumberger's i-Handbook

i-Handbook, an electronic version of the Field Data Handbook, displays data that helps compute results fast. This eliminates the time-consuming and error-prone practice of first assimilating data and obtaining results using a separate calculator.
The i-Handbook was designed with three objectives
  • retain the book format of the Field Data Handbook
  • present data without additional training
  • focus on the needs of a varied audience, from on-site personnel to design and planning engineers in offices.

An advanced resource

An interactive wellbore diagram lets you build a graphical view of the wellbore with drag-and-drop data from the tubular tables. You can define various flow paths in the well. The volumes of defined sections are calculated automatically and displayed on the diagram.

Quick and accurate

Tubing and casing data tables can be expanded so you can see additional physical properties. You can send data entered in any calculator or a particular wellbore to your team. Correct information is exchanged fast.

Design help saves time

A thorough understanding of the treatment and the effects of recommended wellbore actions is communicated through visual, sometimes animated, schematics. You can prepare diagrams illustrating the various combinations of pipe strings. This lets you create realistic, multiple design options in one session.

More data

New information is included in sections on pipe, tubing, casing, tanks, volume, fracturing, cement, and acid/oil/brines.

Minimum system requirements:

  • PC Windows®
  • 200-MHz Pentium® processor-based computer
  • Microsoft® Windows 2000 or Windows XP
  • 128 MB of RAM
  • 10-MB free disk space
  • i-Handbook is not compatible with Microsoft® Windows 95, 98 or NT®

Schlumberger's ToolPlanner

The ToolPlanner application is written in Java and provides job planning support for various wireline and LWD services. For each service, the user enters parameters describing expected logging conditions, formation parameters, and desired results. The calculations performed and the displayed results are specific to the selected services. For example, the CMR planner outputs a suggested logging speed and a recommended set of parameters to set in the acquisition system, as well as plots that demonstrate the expected spread of results caused by uncertainties in the input formation properties.

Available only for PCs, once ToolPlanner software has been downloaded and installed, it can be subsequently run without an Internet connection. However, a Web browser is required to view the “Help” information. The software is licensed for 6 months from installation, after which a new version must be downloaded and installed.


Halliburton's eRedbook® Software

For over 80 years the Halliburton Cementing Tables, known as the RedBook®, have been the industry-preferred technical data reference for calculations used in drilling, cementing and/or completing oil and gas wells.  The eRedBook software is a digital version of portions of the RedBook.  eRedBook software is offered as a free download containing calculators, interactive wellbore schematics, and data from the American Petroleum Institute (API). 
System Requirements
  • Windows® XP with Service Pack 2.
  • Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0
    (free download
    Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0
  • 1 GHz or faster processor
  • 1.57 GHz or faster processor
  • 2 GB of RAM
  • 120 MB of Hard Drive space

All in One Oil Field Unit Converter

The Basics
Angle
Area
Data Storage
Energy Converter
Force Converter
Fuel Consumption
Length Converter
Numbers Converter
Power  Converter
Pressure Converter
Temperature Converter
Time Converter
Velocity Converter
Volume Dry Converter
Volumes
Weight

Engineering
Velocity angular
Acceleration conversion
Acceleration angular
Density Converter ensity conversion
Torque conversion
Specific volume
Moment of inertia
Moment of force

Heat
Fuel efficiency
Thermal
Thermal resistance
Thermal conductivity
Specific Heat Capacity
Heat density
Heat flux density
Heat Transfer Coefficient

Flow
Flow Converter
Flow - mass
Flow - molar
Mass Flux Density
Concentration Molar
Concentration Solution
Viscosity - dynamic
Viscosity - kinematic
surface tension
Permeability conversion

Sound
sound conversion

Light
Luminance conversion
Luminous intensity conversion
Illumination conversion
Digital Image
Frequency Wavelength

Electricity
Charge converter
Linear charge density
Volume charge density
Surface charge density

THIS PAGE WILL BE UPDATED SOON !

Saturday, July 9, 2011

10. Free Downloadable Ebooks on Conventional Drilling, Directional Drilling, Blowout and Well Control

  1. Horizontal And Directional Drilling - Richard S. Carden

    RICHARD S. CARDEN has taught drilling, horizontal drilling and underbalanced drilling seminars in the United States and internationally for more than 20 years. He has authored numerous technical papers on directional drilling and underbalanced drilling. He was a contributing author to the Underbalanced Drilling Manual published by GRI. He worked for Grace, Shursen, Moore and Associates (GSM) as a drilling completion consultant both domestically and overseas. While at GSM he was a wellsite consultant drilling and completing wells in the field; including: geothermal wells, deep/high-pressure gas wells, air drilled wells, directional wells, and horizontal wells. He also worked as a Drilling and Production Engineer for Marathon Oil Company in the Rocky Mountain region. He earned a B.S. degree in Petroleum Engineering from Montana College of Mineral Science and Technology in 1977.

    Name: Horizontal and Directional Drilling

    Author: Richard S. Carden and Robert D. Grace

    Publisher: PetroSkills. OGCI

    Language: English
    The Free Ebook can be downloaded from the below Link :
    Note: If the downloaded ZIP file (downloaded from Link 2) asks for a password, the password is www.oildata.blogspot.com 

    2. Baker Hughes INTEQ Drilling Engineering Workbook 


    Name: Drilling Engineering Workbook

    Paperback: 410 Pages

    Publisher: Baker Hughes INTEQ

    Language: English
    The Free Ebook can be downloaded from the below Link :
    Note: If the downloaded ZIP file (downloaded from Link 2) asks for a password, the password is www.oildata.blogspot.com

    3. Saudi Aramco Well Control Manual
    Name: Well Control Manual

    Paperback: 422 Pages

    Publisher: Saudi Aramco

    Language: English
    The Free Ebook can be downloaded from the below Link :
    Note: If the downloaded ZIP file (downloaded from Link 1 and Link 2) asks for a password, the password is www.oildata.blogspot.com

    4. Drilling Fluid Processing Handbook - ASME Shale Shaker Committee


    Name: Drilling Fluids Processing Handbook

    Author: ASME Shale Shaker Committee

    Price: USD 132

    Paperback: 700 Pages

    Publisher: Gulf Professional Publishing
    Language: English
    The Free Ebook can be downloaded from the below Link :
    Note: If the downloaded ZIP file (downloaded from Link 2) asks for a password, the password is www.oildata.blogspot.com


    5. Advanced Oil Well Drilling Engineering and Computer Programs - Bill Mitchell
    Name: Advanced Oil Well Drilling Engineering Handbook 

    Author: Bill Mitchell

    Paperback: 605 Pages 
    Language: English
    The Free Ebook can be downloaded from the below Link :
    6. Offshore Blowout Causes and Control


    Name: Offshore Blowouts. causes and control
    Autor: Per Holand
    Pages: 177 Pages
    Publication: Gulf publishing company
    Language: English
    The Free Ebook can be downloaded from the below Link :
    Note: If the downloaded ZIP file (downloaded from Link 1 and Link 2) asks for a password, the password is www.casapetrolera.blogspot.com
    7. Blow Out and Well Control Handbook - Robert D Grace

    Name: Blowout and Well Control Handbook

    Author: Robert D. Grace

    Price: USD 185

    Paperback: 469 Pages

    Publisher: Gulf Professional Publishing
    Language: English

    The Free Ebook can be downloaded from the below Link :
    Note: If the downloaded ZIP file (downloaded from Link 1 and Link 2) asks for a password, the password is www.casapetrolera.blogspot.com

    8. Advanced Blowout and Well Control - Robert D Grace



    Name: Advanced blowout & well control
    Autor: Robert D. Grace
    Pages: 396 Pages
    Publication: Gulf Professional Publishing; illustrated edition edition (November 25, 1994)
    Language: English

    The Free Ebook can be downloaded from the below Link :
    Download for Free: Advanced Blowout and Well Control- Robert D Grace (Link 1) 
    Download for Free: Advanced Blowout and Well Control- Robert D Grace (Link 2) 

    Note: If the downloaded ZIP file (downloaded from Link 1 and Link 2) asks for a password, the password is www.casapetrolera.blogspot.com



    9. Well Control for the Rig Site Drilling Team - Aberdeen Drilling School Training Manual


    Name: Well control. Trainning manual
    Autor: Aberdeen drilling schools
    Pages: 390 Pages
    Publication: Class III electronic document
    Language: English

    The Free Ebook can be downloaded from the below Link :
    Download for Free: Well Control for the Rig Site Drilling Team (Link 1)
    Download for Free: Well Control for the Rig Site Drilling Team (Link 2) 

    Note: If the downloaded ZIP file (downloaded from Link 1 and Link 2) asks for a password, the password is www.casapetrolera.blogspot.com



     10. Formulas and Calculation for Drilling Production and Workover -  Norton J Lapeyrouse


    Name: Formulas and Calculations for Drilling, Production and Workover

    Author: By Norton J. Lapeyrouse

    Price: USD 113

    Paperback: 224 Pages

    Publisher: Gulf Professional Publishing
    Language: English
    The Free Ebook can be downloaded from the below Link :
    Download for free: Formulas and Calculation for Drilling Production and Workover (Link 1) 
    Download for free: Formulas and Calculation for Drilling Production and Workover (Link 2) 

    Note: If the downloaded ZIP file (downloaded from Link 1 and Link 2) asks for a password, the password is www.oildata.blogspot.com

    11.  Applied Drilling Engineering (SPE Textbook)

       
    Name: Applied Drilling Engineering 

    Authors: A.T. Bourgoyne Jr, K.K. Millheim, M.E. Chenevert & F.S. Young.  

    Price: From $ 79 to $ 600 (US Dollar)

    Paperback: 502 pages

    Publisher: Society of Petroleum Engineering (Nov 1986)
    Language: English
    The Free Ebook can be downloaded from the below Link :
    Download for free: Applied Drilling Engineering (Link 1)
    Download for Free: Applied Drilling Engineering (Link 2) 

    Note: If the downloaded ZIP file (downloaded from Link 1) asks for a password, the password is www.oildata.blogspot.com




    OTHER BOOKS AVAILABLE FOR DOWNLOAD:

    Below mentioned are Link to ebooks on Drilling, Directional Drilling, Fishing, Well Control, Stuck Pipe Prevntion, Downhole Complications, Drilling Fluid and Casing which can be downloaded just with a single click.